War against Germany was declared on October 13, 1943. For example, in November 1941 the Italians gathered a large convoy of seven merchant ships carrying over 34,000 tons of materiel to include almost 400 vehicles and over 17,000 tons of precious fuel for the Axis forces in North Africa. Marina Militare - World War II. Construction of heavy units resumed in 1937, with the class Littorio (first true Italian “super-dreadnoughts”). The three light cruisers Duguay Trouin, Emile Bertin and Joan of Arc to the four Giussano, the first class Condottieri, and the two Cadorna of the second group. document.cookie = "__adblocker=; expires=Thu, 01 Jan 1970 00:00:00 GMT; path=/"; Unsupported and unsupporting, these attacks were characterized by two recurring flaws in operational design. Mariana Mussolini Age. Concepts for initial operations in the Mediterranean were released by the Chief of Staff on May 29, 1940, about two weeks prior to Mussolini's declaration of war. With the 2020 election approaching see the Trump family tree. Given the resources provided, the overall strategy of the war effort, individual Service and overall strategic culture, geography and demographics, and the type of government, the Italian Navy performed about as well as could be expected. However this was an heaven match as the Regia Marina inflicted the most massive lost to the British submarine force: Of 76 submarines lost by the Royal Navy in WWII, 37 were sunk by Italian forces, 24 by the Germans and 4 by the Japanese forces, and 11 by accidents, friendly fire, or unknown causes*. In 1940, she was rearmed with a 100 mm twin turret and 6 additional dual AA, and used as a static AA defense battery in Tobruk. Cavagnari's recommendations were made to an Italian Supreme Command dominated by Mussolini and the Army, neither of whom understood naval warfare. The Italian military was told by Mussolini in March 1940 to plan for an air-naval offensive in the Mediterranean; a ground offensive in Yugoslavia, while the Army maintained a defensive posture in Albania, Libya, and theAegean; and a wait and see attitude on the French border. Name: Marina. The sixth group of Condottieri included the Ciano and Venezia, launched in June, but whose construction was suspended in 1940. Democratic candidate for the Vice-Presidency of the United States. The Navy was to prepare to defend itself and to act as a fleet-in-being. Italian submarines were also the most successful, engaged with the same tactics as the Germans in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic. The 1,625 long tons Ciclone class of 1942 were considered rightly as escort destroyers. In fact, no decisive clash occurred during the war, but there were a series of minor engagements throughout the war. The first ofthese was weak strategic reassessment biased by fatal optimism and false bravado. However the French had a qualitative superiority in some areas. 12 light cruisers of the Capitani romani class were also started, 8 launched, but only four entered service. ... Mussolini funded great hopes for his fleet, justified by a real, objective offensive potential, especially after the defeat of France the the fate of her fleet, immobilized captured or destroyed. The lack of adequate ASW means also weighted a lot in the losses by British submarines (T, S and O classes), which participated to the deliquescent naval supplies to the axis in Africa. The keels were laid in August and September 1939 at CRDA Montfalcone, but with the war breaking out, construction slowed sharply due to the lack of manpower and equipment, before stopping in December 1941. Both nations dispersed their production in numerous classes, counting sometimes only 2, 3 or 4 boats ranging between oceanic and coastal types. Regia Marina went to surrender to the allies, but the Luftwaffe waited for them, testing their Henschel flying bombs (the first antiship missiles) and sinking the capital ship Roma and destroyer Vivaldi. var d = new Date(); This decision disappointed many crews and commanders who wanted to prove their worth in combat. Most were sunk or scuttled in 1944-1945, and a few joined the Italian Social Republic (SALO regime). Mariana Mussolini's great grandmother was, Mariana Mussolini's great grandfather was, Mariana Mussolini's former step-grandmother was, Mariana Mussolini's uncle-by-marriage was, Mariana Mussolini's first cousin once removed is, Mariana Mussolini's first cousin once removed was, Edda Ciano The Regia Marina in June 1940 and in September 1943 (author unknown). Thrown out of Greece, stalled in Egypt and its navy wounded, Italy's strategic outlook was not good and it was vulnerable to attack by the end of 1940. Although the severe losses suffered at Matapan are traditionally imputed to the lack of radar and a suitable doctrine for night fighting, the lack of information and a clearly stated mission are to blame as well. To “flotilla leader” squadrons, the 32 heavy French destroyers had equivalents only in the ww1 ships of the Leone and Mirabello classes (4 units). The Provence class had a more thorough refit in the early 1930s, but this was not enough for 1940. Relatively low cost in terms of lost lives and material, their handiwork provided some of the greatest tactical success stories of the war. France seemed to have the advantage of numbers, but in reality the two units of the Courbet class had a questionable military value, older and with only cosmetic changes. Fascist government policy was ambitious and it overestimated the level of military preparedness. @media only screen and (min-device-width : 320px) and (max-device-width : 480px) { However they did score some successes against the Malta convoys, especially in August 1942 with operation Pedestal. Their quasi-fanatical dedication to keeping the Africa Korps fueled, even if it meant piling highly explosive gasoline containers on the decks of their warships, speaks for itself. Meghan and Harry are now US based. Countess of Cortellazzo and Buccari. Besides a main naval base in Toulon, other bases comprised Mers el-Kebir near Oran in Algeria, Bizerte, Rayak in Syria and Dakar on the west coast of Africa. script.setAttribute("async", true); See the Joe Biden family tree. Other classes will follow during the war, for a total of thirty-two units. The ten-year moratorium imposed by Washington in 1922 stopped the construction of four fast battleships of the Caracciolo class. The six Galissonniere-class faced the Condotierri (2nd group), Montecuccoli and Abruzzi classes, for a total of six units. Mussolini’s widow Rachele returned to Predappio after the war and ran a restaurant. Mussolini funded great hopes for his fleet, justified by a real, objective offensive potential, especially after the defeat of France the the fate of her fleet, immobilized captured or destroyed. Monday 18 Mar 1940. Her superfiring 15 cm gun was moved amidships, and in 1926 moved back again, this time to clear space for a platform, holding a scout plane, a Macchi M.7 and later a CANT 25AR. As the convoy crossed the Mediterranean, British forces from Malta, both air and naval assets, relentlessly attacked the convoy, ultimately sinking all seven merchant ships as well as two destroyers. When the Armistice was declared (September 8, 1943), sixty-five percent of what had remained of the Italian fleet was moved to Malta in accordance with the orders of the new government. Super-destroyer Scipione Africano – regiamarinaitaliana.forumgratis.org. The yacht of the Admiralty, the frigate Diana, was also converted. A total of 34 ships, plus six H-class submarines (1917), three old battleships, three former Austrian minesweeper of the Albona class, Ostia and Fasana, and over 43 DR-class minesweepers also from WW1. However after 1940s many units would receive 20mm and 37mm mounts. In August 1942, the Italian government requisitioned both ships, renamed Etna and Vesuvio. The final sortie of the Italian Navy was played in September 1943, with the armistice. Political will however was not enough to force to work faster with limited means and both ships were still not completed, around 60% when the armistice of September 1943 came out. 3rd naval division: Trento, Trieste, Bolzano. TBs were a must for short range operations in home waters, so they were largely seen as substitute destroyers for coastal defence. By the end of 1942 the strategic conduct of war became solely defensive. The San Giorgio and San Marco were two armoured cruisers of 1908, which made the pride of the Italian Navy. It was there that she was scuttled at the announcement of the impending capture of the city by British troops, on January 22, 1941. As a direct result of these weaknesses in operational design, Italy failed to capitalize on the victories of the assault teams to achieve grander objectives. The French aligned the submarine cruiser Surcouf, while three Roland morillot and eight Aurore in 1940 were in construction when the war broke out. These were large “super-destroyers”. The Italian Navy successfully used assault vessels at Souda Bay (March 27, 1941), midget submarines at Alexandria (November 19, 1941), and in later attacks at Gibraltar, Haifa and Malta. In the same way, Toulon still had 11 destroyers of several classes, but only two were salvaged and repaired, entering active service as the FR21 (Lion) and FR32 (Scirocco) plus three Melpomène Class torpedo boats as the FR41 , 42 and 43. Cruisers: The parallel resulting from this rivalry was even more evident in this particular area: To the two heavy cruisers Duquesne, Italy responded with the Trento. The design paralleled a radical overhaul of ww1 dreadnoughts, Cesare and Duilio classes, which were brand new in 1940. To Aviation Captain Bruno Mussolini, 22, second .son of II Duce, and Gina Ruberti Mussolini, 22: their first child, a daughter; in Rome. From online or printed sources and from publicly accessible databases. Italian yards also largely participated in the design of Soviet destroyers and cruisers. Of the three arms, Regia Marina was by far the most effective, and a powerful propaganda tool. The Italian Navy was like Germany formerly a collection inherited from an ancient kaleidoscope of ten kingdoms, and since ww1 went a long way towards industrialization, not yet completed in 1940. heavy machine guns Breda 13.2 mm. The neutrality of Spain ensured its perennial nature. The first battle of Sirte proved a clear-cut Italian Victory while the second battle was a Pyrrhic victory for the British. #ga-ad {display: none;} *https://www.naval-history.net/WW2aBritishLosses10tables.htm regiamarina.net/ en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regia_Marina en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean navypedia.org/ships/italy/it_cm_amc2.htm defensemedianetwork.com/stories/book-review-mussolinis-navy/ Conway’s all the world fighting ships 1906-1921 & 1921-1947, Argentinian Navy Brazilian Navy Armada de Chile Chinese Navy Danish Navy Finnish Navy French Navy Hellenic Navy Royal Indian navy Italian Navy Imperial Japanese Navy German Navy Polish Navy Romanian Navy Sovietskaya Flota Spanish Armada Swedish Navy Dutch Navy Royal Canadian Navy Royal Navy RNZN Sjøforsvaret Thai Navy Turkish Navy US Navy Royal Yugoslav Navy Minor Navies, Courageous class aircraft carriers (1928). } Zara class corresponded to the four Suffren. var setNptTechAdblockerCookie = function(adblocker) { The famous Battle of Cape Matapan, was essentially a defeat, but most other engagement like Punta Stilo, Cape Spartivento, the two battle of Sirte were inconclusive and Operation Harpoon/Vigorous was a clear-cut Italian victory. This became a three-years long affair. The Navy had identified problems like sometimes too prudent admirals, politic meddling into naval affairs, industrial shortcomings, or not always well coordinated naval aviation, technological gap (radar, modern sonar). Aircraft carriers: France had definitely an advantage with Béarn (a converted battleship) against nothing comparable in Italy. 78. Built for USSR, the “blue beauty” was a famous black sea destroyer. They managed to get the ship back anyway, but repairs were underway when an allied raid sank the the Taranto in October. They had one daughter, Marina, born on 18 March 1940 in Rome. The willingness of its officers and sailors to fight Allied vessels and protect Axis convoys, even when facing virtually suicidal odds, is well established. During the war, Italy also employed naval forces outside of the Mediterranean. Such complications for naval personnel are rare in many navies, but appear to be more frequent in the history of Italy. Destroyers of the class Commandante Medaglie d’Oro, very modern ships comparable to the American Fletcher or Gearing comprised 20 units, none of which was completed. The Italan naval industry enjoyed many export successes in the interwar. Pilot. Tarento served as a colonial cruiser, but guarded territorial waters during the war. Her camouflage was changed again in 1943. Additional units (entered in service between June 1940 and September 1943): -3 battleships -4 cruisers -7 Destroyers -50 Submarines -47 Corvettes -420 MTBs and misc. Il Duce indeed tried to restore in modern times the greatness of the Empire Roman, a perfect nationalistic theme that fit its ego and ambition for Italy in the XXth Century. Monday 18 Mar 1940. 26-02-2013 10:54:54 ZULU, The History of Italian Naval Doctrine, by Vice Admiral Luigi Donolo, Italian Navy (Ret.) The idea of an aircraft carrier in Italy was long brushed aside by Mussolini, speaking of Italy being itself a super-large aircraft carrier, which was arguably true due to the central position in the Mediterranean. But do note that it is not possible to be certain of a person's genealogy without a family's cooperation (and/or DNA testing). The Franco-Italian rivalry: Based on tonnage (175,000 for each nation as allocated by Washington), the Franco-Italian rivalry in the Mediterranean quickly turned into a race almost on a unit-per-unit base.
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